篇一:(a-)
数学常用符号整理
大写
Α
Β
Γ
Δ
Ε
Ζ
Η
Θ
Ι
Κ
∧
Μ
Ν
Ξ
Ο
∏
Ρ
∑
Τ
Υ
Φ
Χ
Ψ
Ω
小写
α
β
γ
δ
ε
ζ
η
θ
ι
κ
λ
μ
ν
ξ
ο
π
ρ
σ
τ
υ
φ
χ
ψ
ω
英文注音
alpha
beta
gamma
deta
epsilon
zeta
eta
theta
iota
kappa
lambda
mu
nu
xi
omicron
pi
rho
sigma
tau
upsilon
phi
chi
psi
omega
国际音标注音
alfa
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta
eta
θita
iota
kappa
lambda
miu
niu
ksi
omikron
pai
rou
sigma
tau
jupsilon
fai
khai
psai
omiga
中文注音
阿耳法
贝塔
伽马
德耳塔
艾普西隆
截塔
艾塔
西塔
约塔
卡帕
兰姆达
缪
纽
可塞
奥密可戎
派
柔
西格马
套
衣普西隆
斐
喜
普西
欧米伽
1、几何符号
⊥
∥
∠
⌒
⊙
≡
≌
△
2、代数符号
∝
∧
∨
~
∫
≠
≤
≥
≈
∞
∶
3、运算符号
如加号(+),减号(-),乘号(×或·),除号(÷或/),两个集合的并集(∪),交集(∩),根号(√),对数(log,lg,ln),比(:),微分(dx),积分(∫),曲线积分(∮)等。
4、集合符号
∪
∩
∈
5、特殊符号
∑
π(圆周率)
6、推理符号
|a|
⊥
∽
△
∠
∩
∪
≠
≡
±
≥
≤
∈
←
↑
→
↓
↖
↗
↘
↙
∥
∧
∨
&;
①②
③④
⑤⑥
⑦
⑧
⑨
⑩
Γ
Δ
Θ
Λ
Ξ
Ο
Π
Σ
Φ
Χ
Ψ
Ω
α
β
γ
δ
ε
ζ
η
θ
ι
κ
λ
μ
ν
ξ
ο
π
ρ
σ
τ
υ
φ
χ
ψ
ω
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅴ
Ⅵ
Ⅶ
Ⅷ
Ⅸ
Ⅹ
Ⅺ
Ⅻ
ⅰ
ⅱ
ⅲ
ⅳ
ⅴ
ⅵ
ⅶ
ⅷ
ⅸ
ⅹ
∈
∏
∑
∕
√
∝
∞
∟
∠
∣
∥
∧
∨
∩
∪
∫
∮
∴
∵
∶
∷
∽
≈
≌
≒
≠
≡
≤
≥
≦
≧
≮
≯
⊕
⊙
⊥
⊿
⌒
℃
指数0123:o1237、数量符号
如:i,2+i,a,x,自然对数底e,圆周率π。
8、关系符号
如“=”是等号,“≈”是近似符号,“≠”是不等号,“>”是大于符号,“<”是小于符号,“≥”是大于或等于符号(也可写作“≮”),“≤”是小于或等于符号(也可写作“≯”),。“→
”表示变量变化的趋势,“∽”是相似符号,“≌”是全等号,“∥”是平行符号,“⊥”是垂直符号,“∝”是成正比符号,(没有成反比符号,但可以用成正比符号配倒数当作成反比)“∈”是属于符号,“?
?”是“包含”符号等。
9、结合符号
如小括号“()”中括号“[]”,大括号“{}”横线“—”
10、性质符号
如正号“+”,负号“-”,绝对值符号“||”正负号“±”
11、省略符号
如三角形(△),直角三角形(Rt△),正弦(sin),余弦(cos),x的函数(f(x)),极限(lim),角(∠),∵因为,(一个脚站着的,站不住)
∴所以,(两个脚站着的,能站住)
总和(∑),连乘(∏),从n个元素中每次取出r个元素所有不同的组合数(C(r)(n)),幂(A,Ac,Aq,x^n)等。
12、排列组合符号
C-组合数
A-排列数
N-元素的总个数
R-参与选择的元素个数
!-阶乘,如5!=5×4×3×2×1=12C-Combination-
组合
A-Arrangement-排列
13、离散数学符号
├
断定符(公式在L中可证)
╞
满足符(公式在E上有效,公式在E上可满足)
┐
命题的“非”运算
∧
命题的“合取”(“与”)运算
∨
命题的“析取”(“或”,“可兼或”)运算
→
命题的“条件”运算
A<=>B命题A与B等价关系
A=>B命题
A与
B的蕴涵关系
A*公式A的对偶公式
wff合式公式
iff当且仅当
↑
命题的“与非”
运算(“与非门”)
↓
命题的“或非”运算(“或非门”)
□
模态词“必然”
◇
模态词“可能”
φ
空集
∈
属于(??不属于)
P(A)
集合A的幂集
|A|集合A的点数
R^2=R○R[R^n=R^(n-1)○R]关系R的“复合”
(或下面加
≠)
真包含
∪
集合的并运算
∩
集合的交运算
-
(~)
集合的差运算
〡
限制
[X](右下角R)集合关于关系R的等价类
A/R集合A上关于R的商集
[a]元素a产生的循环群
I(i大写)环,理想
Z/(n)模n的同余类集合
r(R)关系
R的自反闭包
s(R)关系
的对称闭包
CP命题演绎的定理(CP规则)
EG存在推广规则(存在量词引入规则)
ES存在量词特指规则(存在量词消去规则)
UG全称推广规则(全称量词引入规则)
US全称特指规则(全称量词消去规则)
R关系
r相容关系
R○S关系
与关系
的复合
domf函数
的定义域(前域)
ranf函数
的值域
f:X→Yf是X到Y的函数
GCD(x,y)x,y最大公约数
LCM(x,y)x,y最小公倍数
aH(Ha)H关于a的左(右)陪集
Ker(f)同态映射f的核(或称
f同态核)
[1,n]1到n的整数集合
d(u,v)点u与点v间的距离
d(v)点v的度数
G=(V,E)点集为V,边集为E的图
W(G)图G的连通分支数
k(G)图G的点连通度
△(G)图G的最大点度
A(G)图G的邻接矩阵
P(G)图G的可达矩阵
M(G)图G的关联矩阵
C复数集
N自然数集(包含0在内)
N*正自然数集
P素数集
Q有理数集
R实数集
Z整数集
Set集范畴
Top拓扑空间范畴
Ab交换群范畴
Grp群范畴
Mon单元半群范畴
Ring有单位元的(结合)环范畴
Rng环范畴
CRng交换环范畴
R-mod环R的左模范畴
mod-R环R的右模范畴
Field域范畴
Poset偏序集范畴
篇二:(a-)
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn??剑桥雅思听力全真试题?5?--‐?05?Test?Two--‐Section?One??LIBRARIAN:?Good?morning,?North?College?Library.?How?can?I?help?you??MAN:?I?was?wondering?if?it?was?possible?to?join?the?library.?LIBRARIAN:?Are?you?a?student?at?North?College??MAN:?No,?I"m?not,?but?someone?told?me?it?was?possible?to?join,?even?if?I?wasn"t.?LIBRARIAN:?That"s?right,?it?is.?Are?you?over?18??That"s?our?minimum?joining?age.?--‐MAN:?Yes,?I?am.?......?LIBRARIAN:?Good?morning,?North?College?Library.?How?can?I?help?you??MAN:?I?was?wondering?if?it?was?possible?to?join?the?library.?LIBRARIAN:?Are?you?a?student?at?North?College??MAN:?No,?I"m?not,?but?someone?told?me?it?was?possible?to?join,?even?if?I?wasn"t.?LIBRARIAN:?That"s?right,?it?is.?Are?you?over?18??That"s?our?minimum?joining?age.?--‐MAN:?Yes,?I?am.?LIBRARIAN:?That"s?no?problem?then.?MAN:?Could?you?tell?me?what?I?have?to?do?to?join??LIBRARIAN:?Well,?you"ll?need?to?come?in?to?the?library?and?fill?out?some?forms.?You"ll?also?need?to?bring?two?passport?photos?with?you.?We?also?need?two?documents?for?ID,?so?a?driving?licence?would?be?fine.?MAN:?I"ve?got?that?and?what?else??A?credit?card??LIBRARIAN:?No,?it?needs?to?have?your?address?on?it.?MAN:?Shall?I?bring?a?bank?statement,?would?that?do??--‐LIBRARIAN:?That"ll?be?fine.?MAN:?Good.?Does?it?cost?anything?to?join??LIBRARIAN:?Well,?it"s?free?for?students?here?but?otherwise?it"s?£125?per?year?or?£25?if?you"ve?got?a?current?student?card?from?another?college.?MAN:?I?was?at?Westerly?College?until?last?year?but?now?I"ve?got?a?job?at?Jefferson"s?steel?factory.?Er,?it"s?more?expensive?than?I?thought.?My?local?library?is?free.?LIBRARIAN:?But?you"ll?find?they?don"t?have?the?range?of?reference?books?or?facilities?which?we?buy?for?our?students.?That"s?why?you?have?to?pay?to?be?an?external?member.?MAN:?I?see.?How?many?books?can?I?borrow??LIBRARIAN:?We?allow?twelve?items?borrowed?at?any?one?time?if?you"re?a?student,?and?that?includes?CDs,?DVDs?and?videos.?However,?it"s?only?eight?items?for?members?of?the?public.?MAN:?Fine.?And?how?long?can?I?have?them?for??LIBRARIAN:?Well,?you?can?have?both?fiction?and?reference?books?for?four?weeks?which?isn"t?bad?really.?MAN:?And?what?happens?if?I?return?them?late???
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?LIBRARIAN:?Like?all?libraries?there"s?a?fine?system?in?place.?The?minimum?fine?is?£1.50?but?it?can?be?much?higher?for?some?items?--‐?up?to?£5?per?week.?We"ll?give?you?a?booklet?with?all?the?details?when?you?join.?You?can?always?renew?items?if?they"re?not?required?by?anyone?else?by?telephoning?or?logging?on?to?our?website.?......?MAN:?What?about?the?computers??Can?I?use?them?free?of?charge??LIBRARIAN:?For?college?students?it"s?free,?but?for?external?members?like?yourself,?the?first?hour?is?free?and?then?we?make?a?nominal?charge?of?£?1?per?hour?thereafter.?MAN:?Do?I?have?to?book?in?advance?for?them??LIBRARIAN:?Oh,?yes,?it"s?advisable.?Most?people?tend?to?book?twenty--‐four?hours?in?advance?although?sometimes?you?can?get?one?with?only?six?hours"?notice.?However,?the?earliest?you?can?book?a?computer?is?forty--‐eight?hours?before?you?need?it,?and?you?can?only?book?one?hour?at?a?time.?If?no--‐one?else?has?booked?the?computer?out,?then?you?may?be?able?to?have?another?hour?if?you?want.?We?have?a?wide?range?of?databases,?so?the?computers?are?in?great?demand.?MAN:?I"m?thinking?of?doing?some?writing?and?I?might?need?to?access?national?newspapers.?Do?you?have?them?on?these?databases??LIBRARIAN:?We?do?indeed.?We"ve?got?all?the?big?nationals,?The?Guardian?and?The?Observer,?The?Independent?and?The?Times?and?Sunday?Times.?We"ve?also?got?all?the?local?papers?and?a?wide?selection?of?magazines.?MAN:?Excellent.?I?assume?you?have?photocopying?facilities??LIBRARIAN:?Of?course.?5p?a?sheet?for?both?A4?and?A3?black--‐and--‐white?copies?and?40p?a?sheet?for?colour.?You?can?get?a?card?from?the?counter?here?--‐?it?doesn"t?take?coins.?MAN:?OK.?Oh?by?the?way,?another?thing?I?was?wondering?about?was?if?you?ran?any?writing?classes?through?the?library??LIBRARIAN:?We?do,?but?you"ll?have?to?speak?to?John?Grantingham?about?that.?He"s?our?resident?author.?He?runs?the?creative?writing?classes.?MAN:?John...Grant....?Could?you?spell?that?for?me?please??LIBRARIAN:?Certainly.?G--‐R--‐A--‐N--‐T--‐I--‐N--‐G--‐H--‐A--‐M.?MAN:?Are?the?classes?here?at?the?library??LIBRARIAN:?Yes?--‐?he"s?here?on?Thursday?evenings,?oh?no?sorry,?Friday?--‐?he"s?just?changed?it.?You?can?contact?him?by?emailing?the?library.?MAN:?Okay.?Right,?well?that"s?about?all?I?need?to?know.?Thank?you.?I"ll?be?along?later?this?week?to?join.?Thanks.?Bye.???
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn??早上好,这里是北方大学图书馆。我能帮你做些什么??我想知道我是否能加入图书馆。?你是北方大学的学生吗??不,我不是。但是有人告诉我即使我不是也能加入。?是的。你是18岁以上吗?这是我们的最低参与年龄。?--‐是的。??早上好,这里是北方大学图书馆。我能帮你做些什么??我想知道我是否能加入图书馆。?你是北方大学的学生吗??不,我不是。但是有人告诉我即使我不是也能加入。?是的。你是18岁以上吗?这是我们的最低参与年龄。?--‐是的。?那就没问题了。?你能告诉我应该做些什么准备才能进去吗??你需要来图书馆并填一些表。?你还得带两张护照照片。?我们还需要两份身份证件,所以驾驶证就可以。?好的,还有什么吗?信用卡呢??不行,证件上需要有你的住址。?我要带银行对账单吗?这个可以吗??--‐很好。?好的,加入图书馆花钱吗??对本校学生免费,但是对其他人一年要收125英镑,或者如果你有别的大学的在读学生证就收取25英镑。?去年之前,我在西方大学读书,但是现在我在杰弗逊的钢铁厂上班。?这比我想的要贵,我们当地的图书馆是免费的。?但是你会发现它们没有我们为学生购买的各式参考书和设施,那就是为什么你不得不交钱成为外部会员。?我懂了,我能借多少书??如果你是学生,我们允许学生一次借12个,其中包括CD、DVD和视频。然而,对公众只能借出去8样。?好的,我能借阅多久??你可以借阅4周的小说和参考书,这很不错。?如果我还晚了怎么办??跟所有图书馆一样有罚款制度。?最低罚款额是1.50英镑,但是有些物品的罚款可能更高,高达每周5英镑。?当你加入之后,我们会给你一本详细的小册子。?如果其他人不借阅的话,你可以通过电话或登录我们的网站续借。??那么电脑呢?我能免费使用吗??对大学学生是免费的,但是对像你这样的外部会员,第一个小时免费,之后象征性的收取每小时一英镑。??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?我需要提前预订吗??是的,这样很明智。多数人通常提前24小时预订,尽管有时你提前6个小时也能订到。?然而,你最早预订电脑的时间是提前48小时,每次你只能预订一个小时。?如果没有别人订电脑,如果你需要的话,你也许能够再多用一个小时。?我们有一个包罗万象的资料库,所以电脑的需要量很大。?我在考虑写一些文章,所以我需要全国性报刊的信息。资料库里面有这方面信息吗??我们当然有。我们有所有的大型全国性报刊,如《卫报》、《观察家报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》和《星期日泰晤士报》。?我们还有所有的地方报纸和各种各样的杂志。?好极了,我想你们那里有复印设备吧??当然。A4和A3大小的黑白复印是每张5便士,彩色复印是每张40便士。?你可以从柜台这里领取一张卡,那里不收取硬币。?好的,顺便说一下,我想知道你们的图书馆有没有写作课程??我们有,但是你得咨询约翰·葛兰汀汉姆。?他是我们的常驻作家,创造性写作的课程由他教授。?约翰·葛兰……你能为我拼一下吗??当然。G--‐R--‐A--‐N--‐T--‐I--‐N--‐G--‐H--‐A--‐M。?是在图书馆上课吗??是的,他周四晚上会在这里。不,对不起,是周五,他刚改了时间。?你可以通过给图书馆发邮件联系他。?好的,这些就是我想了解的。?谢谢。这周晚些时候我会去的,谢谢,再见。?????剑桥雅思听力全真试题?5?--‐?06?Test?Two--‐Section?Two??My?name"s?Dan?Pearman?and?I"d?like?to?talk?about?the?work?of?Pedal?Power,?a?small?charity?based?mainly?in?the?UK.?I"ll?be?giving?our?contact?details?at?the?end,?if?anyone?would?like?to?find?out?more?about?how?to?support?us.?But?first,?how?the?charity?began.?I?got?the?idea?of?exporting?bicycles?to?developing?countries?while?I?was?in?Ecuador.?I?went?there?in?1993?just?after?graduating?from?university.?After?three?years?of?studying,?I?wanted?adventure.?I?loved?travelling,?so?I?decided?to?join?a?voluntary?organisation?and?was?sent?to?Ecuador?to?carry?out?land?surveys.?The?project?came?to?an?end?after?five?years?and?when?I?returned?to?the?UK?in??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?1998,?I?started?planning?Pedal?Power.?Where?I?lived?in?Ecuador?was?a?very?rural?area.?My?neighbour?had?the?only?bicycle?in?the?village,?whereas?everyone?else?walked?everywhere.?My?neighbour"s?business?was?unusually?successful,?and?for?years?I?couldn"t?understand?why.?Then?I?realised?having?a?bike?meant?he?could?get?where?he?wanted?to?go?without?much?trouble.?Other?local?carpenters?could?only?accept?jobs?in?a?three--‐kilometre?radius,?so?no?matter?how?skilled?they?were,?they?could?never?do?as?many?jobs?as?my?neighbour.?At?Pedal?Power,?we?collect?second--‐hand?bikes?in?the?UK?and?send?them?to?some?of?the?poorest?regions?in?the?world.?When?we?distribute?bikes?overseas?we?don"t?give?them?away?for?free.?We"d?like?to,?but?long?term?that?doesn"t?really?help?the?local?economy.?The?demand?for?bikes?is?enormous,?which?makes?them?very?expensive?locally.?So?we?sell?them?for?5%?of?the?normal?price.?But?in?order?to?continue?operating?we?need?to?have?a?constant?supply?of?bikes?which?we?send?out?every?six?months.?One?example?of?a?town?that"s?received?bicycles?from?Pedal?Power?is?Rivas.?It?was?the?first?place?I?sent?a?full?container?of?bicycles?to.?Most?people?there?now?own?a?bicycle.?The?local?economy?has?developed?so?much,?you?wouldn"t?recognise?it?as?the?same?place.?In?fact,?there?are?more?bikes?than?on?the?streets?of?Amsterdam,?if?you"ve?ever?been?there.?But?Pedal?Power?still?needs?your?help.?You?may?have?read?about?some?of?our?recent?problems?in?the?British?media.?In?August?2000,?we?simply?ran?out?of?money.?We?had?containers?of?bikes?ready?to?send,?but?no?money?to?pay?the?bills.?It?was?a?terrible?situation.?We?managed?to?ensure?the?bikes?went?out?on?time,?but?the?other?problems?carried?on?for?several?months.?......?Fortunately?in?October?2001?we?won?an?Enterprise?Award?which?helped?us?enormously.?We?invested?fifteen?of?the?seventy--‐five--‐thousand--‐pound?prize?money?to?help?secure?our?future.?Winning?the?award?helped?raise?our?profile,?and?the?money?enabled?us?to?pay?all?our?shipping?costs,?which?represent?our?greatest?expense.?Pedal?Power?changes?lives?--‐?when?someone?gets?a?bicycle?from?us,?they?see?a?14%??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?increase?in?their?income.?We"re?currently?looking?to?invest?in?computers?so?that?our?office?staff?can?do?an?even?better?job.?Because?of?our?work,?people?in?a?number?of?countries?now?have?a?better?standard?of?living?--‐?so?far?we"ve?provided?46,000?people?with?bikes.?But?we"d?like?to?send?more,?at?least?50,000?by?the?end?of?the?year.?Now?there?are?many?ways?in?which?you?can?support?the?work?of?Pedal?Power,?not?just?by?taking?a?bike?to?a?collection?in?your?area.?I?should?also?like?to?say?if?you?do?have?a?bike?to?donate,?it?doesn"t?matter?what?condition?it"s?in?--‐?if?we?can"t?repair?it,?we"ll?strip?it?down?for?spare?parts.?Of?course,?to?do?that?we?always?need?tools,?which?are?expensive?to?buy,?so?we?welcome?any?that?you?can?give.?Also,?you?could?help?by?contacting?the?voluntary?staff?at?our?offices,?they"ll?be?able?to?suggest?activities?you?could?organise?to?bring?in?funds?for?us.?People?do?all?kinds?of?things?--‐?including,?of?course,?sponsored?bike?rides.?Also,?we"re?always?interested?to?hear?of?other?places?that?would?benefit?from?receiving?a?consignment?of?bikes,?and?welcome?suggestions?from?people?who"ve?been?to?developing?regions?on?their?travels.?We?hope?that?by?talking?on?radio?programmes?like?this,?we?will?be?able?to?raise?public?awareness,?which?will?lead?to?government?organisations?also?giving?us?regular?financial?support,?something?that?we?really?need.?If?you"d?like?some?more?information?about?where?to?donate?an?old?bicycle?or?offer?help?in?other?ways?please?contact?us?on?...???我叫丹·佩尔曼,我想介绍一下“骑车出行”的工作内容,这是一家位于英国为主的小型慈善团体。?如果有人想了解如何支持我们的活动的话,我会在最后留下我们详细的联系方式。?但是首先,这个慈善团体是如何开始的呢。当我在厄瓜多尔的时候,我产生了往发展中国家出口自行车的念头。?当我在1993年大学毕业后,我去了那里。?三年的学习后,我想要冒险。?我爱旅游,所以我决定加入一个志愿组织并被派往厄瓜多尔开展土地调查。?这个项目在5年后结束了。当我在1998年返回英国时,我开始计划“骑车出行”。?我在厄瓜多尔时住在一个农村。?我的邻居是村里唯一有自行车的人,而其他人都用走的。?我邻居的生意非常成功,好几年我都不明白原因是什么。?之后,我了解到有一辆自行车意味着他可以去他想去的任何地方,不受限制。?其他木匠只能接受3公里范围内的工作,所以无论他们多有手艺也不能像我的邻居那样身兼数职。?在“骑车出行”,我们收集英国的二手自行车并发送它们到世界上的一些最穷的?
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?地区。?当我们在海外分发自行车的时候,我们并不是免费赠送。?我们喜欢这么做,但是从长远上看,这并不能帮助本地的经济。?自行车的需求量非常大,这使它们在当地的价格很高。?所以我们以正常价格的5%卖给他们。?但是为了持续经营,我们需要有源源不断的自行车供给,便于我们每6个月送出一次。?其中一个从“骑车出行”接收自行车的例子是里瓦斯。?这是我第一个发送整箱的自行车的地方。那里的多数人现在都有了一辆自行车。?当地经济发展的很快,你肯定认不出来那里了。?事实上,如果你去过那里,你会发现那里的自行车数量比阿姆斯特丹街上的还多。?但是“骑车出行”仍然需要你的帮助。?你可能从英国媒体上读到过我们最近的问题。?在2000年8月,我们的钱用光了。?我们有几个集装箱的自行车准备送出,但是没有钱付账。那是一个糟糕的状况。?我们设法确保这些自行车准时发出,但是其他问题持续了几个月。??幸运的是在2001年10月,我们赢得了企业奖,这帮了我们很大的忙。?我们把75,000英镑奖金中的15,000英镑用于投资,作为未来的保障。?获奖提升了我们的形象,奖金使我们有钱付所有的运输费,这是我们最大的支出。?“骑车出行”改变了人们的生活。当有人从我们这里获得自行车时,他们的收入也会随之上涨14%。?我们目前在寻找电脑方面的投资,这样我们工作人员的办事效率会更高。?由于我们的努力,现在许多国家的人们的生活水平提高了。到目前为止,我们为46,000人提供了自行车。?但是我们想送出更多,至少在年底送出5万辆。?现在你有很多方式支持“骑车出行”的项目,不只是从你的所在地收集自行车。?我还想说的是如果你有一辆自行车捐献,不用顾及它的状况。如果我们不能修理它,我们会卸下零部件。?当然,这么做需要工具的帮助,这些工具很贵。所以我们欢迎任何工具的赠送。?另外,你可以通过联系我们办公室的志愿者而提供帮助,他们会推荐你为我们组织一些筹资活动。?人们可以做各种事情,当然包括赞助单车比赛。?另外,我们总是乐意听到有其他地方可以受益于接收自行车,并且欢迎来自发展中地区旅行者的建议。?我们希望像这样通过广播节目的宣传,提高公众意识,从而使政府组织也能够给予我们亟需的定期资金支持。?如果你想了解更多的信息,关于去哪捐赠旧自行车或用其他方式提供帮助,请联系我们……????
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn???剑桥雅思听力全真试题?5?--‐?07?Test?Two--‐Section?Three??TUTOR:?First?of?all,?I"d?just?like?to?say,?Cristina?and?Ibrahim,?that?I?really?enjoyed?watching?your?video?about?student?life?last?week,?and?I?could?see?that?the?rest?of?the?group?did?too.?You?did?really?well,?and?I?hope?that?you?got?a?lot?out?of?it.?I"d?like?to?use?this?tutorial?as?a?feedback?session,?where?you?reflect?on?the?experience?of?doing?the?project.?So?Cristina,?I?was?wondering,?what?did?you?enjoy?most?about?making?the?video??CRISTINA:?I?liked?using?the?camera.?TUTOR:?Is?it?the?first?time?you"ve?operated?one?like?that??--‐CRISTINA:?Yes,?it?is.?TUTOR:?Well?the?results?were?very?good!?Anything?else??CRISTINA:?I?also?enjoyed?visiting?one?of?the?British?students?we?filmed.?I"d?never?been?inside?a?British?home?before.?TUTOR:?OK?Cristina,?thanks.?What?about?you,?Ibrahim??What?did?you?enjoy??IBRAHIM:?Well?for?me?it?was?a?very?good?chance?to?get?to?know?students?who?are?on?other?courses,?because?everyone?in?our?group?is?studying?English,?and?we?don"t?usually?have?much?to?do?with?the?rest?of?the?college.?TUTOR:?Yes,?good.?Do?you?think?you"ll?maintain?the?contact?now??IBRAHIM:?I?hope?so.?I"ve?invited?three?of?them?to?have?dinner?with?me?next?week.?TUTOR:?Great!?If?you?haven"t?decided?what?to?make?yet?I?can?tell?you?they"ll?love?trying?Arab?dishes.?And?of?course,?it"s?good?for?your?English?too.?Cristina,?what?did?you?find??What?was?the?most?useful?aspect?of?the?project?from?the?point?of?view?of?the?English?practice??CRISTINA:?I?think,?when?we?were?being?shown?how?to?edit?the?film,?we?had?to?follow?the?instructions.?And?that?was?very?good?practice?for?me.?And?I?also?learned?some?technical?words?that?I?hadn"t?heard?before.?TUTOR:?What?about?you?Ibrahim??What?was?the?most?useful?for?your?English??IBRAHIM:?It?was?listening?to?the?British?students,?because?they?don"t?speak?as?slowly?as?most?of?the?tutors?on?our?course.?I?think?they?speak?at?natural?speed,?so?it?forces?me?to?get?used?to?it.?And?they?use?a?lot?of?slang.?TUTOR:?So?you?learned?some?new?words?which?will?be?useful??--‐IBRAHIM:?Yes.?TUTOR:?Good.?I"m?glad?it?helped.?Well,?we"ve?talked?a?little?bit?about?enjoyment,?and?about?language?practice.?Were?there?any?other?benefits??What?else?did?you?feel?you"d?learnt?from?the?project??Was?it?useful?in?other?ways??CRISTINA:?Yes,?well?firstly,?I?learned?how?to?use?a?video?camera.?And?also,?I?think??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?I?really?learned?a?lot?about?working?together?with?other?people.?I"ve?never?done?anything?with?a?group?before,?and?we?had?to?find?ways?of?cooperating,?and?compromising,?and?sometimes?persuading?people,?when?they?don"t?agree?with?you.?TUTOR:?Yes,?that?is?a?very?useful?experience,?I?know.?......?TUTOR:?What?about?you,?Ibrahim??IBRAHIM:?Well,?I?think?I?learnt?a?lot?about?how?important?editing?is.?When?you"re?filming?you?think?that?everything"s?going?to?be?interesting,?but?in?fact?we?cut?around?half?of?it?in?the?end,?and?then?it?was?much?better.?TUTOR:?Good.?Well,?one?last?thing?I"d?like?to?ask.?What?mistakes?do?you?think?you,?as?a?group?that?is,?made??I?mean,?to?put?it?another?way,?if?you?had?to?do?it?all?over?again,?is?there?anything?you"d?do?differently??CRISTINA:?We?didn"t?plan?very?well.?For?example,?we?didn"t?decide?on?dates?when?we"d?complete?each?separate?step?of?the?project,?and?we?should?have?agreed?about?that?in?the?beginning,?because?we?were?always?late?with?everything!?TUTOR:?Right.?Anything?else??CRISTINA:?I?think?we?should?have?tried?to?experiment?more?with?the?camera.?I?mean?with?angles,?and?the?focus?and?that?kind?of?thing.?TUTOR:?So?you?should?have?been?more?ambitious??Do?you?agree,?Ibrahim??IBRAHIM:?Not?really.?In?fact,?I?think?we?were?too?ambitious.?We?were?inexperienced,?and?we?didn"t?have?a?lot?of?time,?and?we?tried?to?do?too?much,?to?make?a?long?film.?Next?time?I?would?make?a?shorter?one?and?try?to?get?quality?better.?TUTOR:?Well,?that"s?very?interesting.?Next?semester?we?will?anther?video?project?--‐?with?a?different?content,?of?course?--‐?but?you"ll?have?an?opportunity?to?put?into?practice?what?you"ve?learnt?this?time.?Do?you?have?any?ideas?about...???首先,我想对克里斯蒂娜和易卜拉欣说,我真的很喜欢你们上周做的关于学生生活的视频,我看到其他组的同学也这么想。?你们做的很好,我希望你们从中学到了很多。?我想用这次辅导作为反馈课,让你们思考一下制作的经历。?那么克里斯蒂娜,我想知道在制作视频中,你最喜欢的是什么??我喜欢使用摄影机。?这是你第一次操纵这种摄影机吗??--‐?是的。?结果非常棒!还有什么吗??我还喜欢拜访我们拍摄的其中一位英国学生。我之前从未去过英国人的家里。??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?好的,克里斯蒂娜,谢谢。你呢,易卜拉欣?你喜欢什么??对我来说,这是了解其他学科的学生的好机会,因为我们组的所有人都是学英语的,我们通常和大学的其他人没什么联系。?是的,很好。你现在还和他们保持联系吗??我希望是。我邀请了他们中的三个人下周和我一起吃晚餐。?好极了!如果你还没决定做什么,我告诉你他们喜欢吃阿拉伯菜。当然,这对你的英语也有好处。?克里斯蒂娜,你发现了什么?从英语学习的角度,这个项目最有益的方面是什么??我想当我们学习如何剪辑电影的时候,我们不得不按照说明书做。?这对我来说是很好的练习,另外我还学会了许多从前不知道的专业词汇。?你呢,易卜拉欣?对你的英语最有益处的地方是什么??是听英国学生说话,因为他们不会像我们课堂上的多数导师一样说的那么慢。?他们的语速自然,所以我得强迫自己习惯它,并且他们使用很多的俚语。?所以你学到了很多有用的词汇??--‐是的。?很好。我很高兴这对你有帮助。我们说了一些有趣的事和语言学习的方面。?还有其他的好处吗?从这次的项目上你们还学到了什么?在其他方面有帮助吗??是的,首先我学会了如何使用摄影机。另外我学了很多关于如何与他人共事。?我从前从没和一组人共事过,我们要找到合作的方式,相互妥协或者说服别人接受你的意见。?是的,这是非常有用的经验。??你呢,易卜拉欣??我想我了解到了剪辑的重要性。?当你拍摄的时候,你觉得所有事情都很有趣。但是事实上,在最后我们删去了一半左右的素材,这样看起来才更好。?很好。还有最后一个问题,你认为在这其中你犯了什么错??我是说,换一个角度,如果要你重做一遍,你会在某件事上做出不同的决定吗??我们计划的不是很好。例如,我们没有制定每个步骤的截至日期,我们本该在一开始就确定好,因为后来所有事总是慢半拍。?好的,还有吗??我想我们应该多尝试一下摄影机的功能。?我的意思是角度、焦距之类的。?所以你觉得你应该更有点野心?你同意吗,易卜拉欣??不同意。事实上,我觉得我们太有野心了。?我们没有经验,又没有很多时间。我们要尝试很多去制作一个长篇电影。?下次我要制作一个短片,质量上也要更好一些。?很有意思。下学期我们将做一个不同内容的新项目。但是你们有机会把这次的经验学以致用。?你们有想关于……??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?????剑桥雅思听力全真试题?5?--‐?08?Test?Two--‐Section?Four??Tonight?I"m?going?to?talk?to?you?about?that?remarkable?continent?Antarctica?--‐?remote,?hostile?and?at?present?uninhabited?on?a?permanent?basis.?For?early?explorers,?it?was?the?ultimate?survival?contest;?for?researchers?like?me,?it?remains?a?place?of?great?intellectual?challenge;?while?for?the?modern?tourist,?it"s?simply?a?wilderness?of?great?beauty.?First,?some?facts?and?figures.?Antarctica?is?a?place?of?extremes?--‐?the?highest,?coldest?and?windiest?continent?and?over?fifty--‐eight?times?the?size?of?the?UK.?The?ice--‐cap?contains?almost?70%?of?the?world"s?fresh?water?and?90%?of?its?ice,?but?with?very?low?snowfall,?most?of?the?continent?technically?falls?unbelievably?into?the?category?of?desert!?Huge?icebergs?break?off?the?continent?each?year,?while?in?winter?half?the?surrounding?ocean?freezes?over,?which?means?its?size?almost?doubles.?Research?and?exploration?has?been?going?on?in?Antarctica?for?more?than?two?hundred?years,?and?has?involved?scientists?from?many?different?countries,?who?work?together?on?research?stations.?Here?science?and?technical?support?have?been?integrated?in?a?very?cost--‐effective?way?--‐?our?Antarctic?research?programme?has?several?summers--‐only?stations?and?two?all--‐year--‐round?ones;?I?was?based?on?one?of?the?all--‐year--‐round?ones.?The?research?stations?are?really?self--‐contained?communities?of?about?twenty?people.?There"s?living?and?working?space,?a?kitchen?with?a?huge?food?store,?a?small?hospital?and?a?well--‐equipped?gym?to?ensure?everyone?keeps?fit?in?their?spare?time.?The?station?generates?its?own?electricity?and?communicates?with?the?outside?world?using?a?satellite?link.?Our?station?--‐?Zero?One?--‐?had?some?special?features.?It?wasn"t?built?on?land?but?on?an?ice--‐shelf,?hundreds?of?metres?thick.?Supplies?were?brought?to?us?on?large?sledges?from?a?ship?fifteen?kilometres?away?at?the?ice?edge.?Living?in?the?Antarctic?hasn"t?always?been?so?comfortable.?Snow?build--‐ups?caused?enormous?problems?for?four?previous?stations?on?the?same?site,?which?were?buried?and?finally?crushed?by?the?weight.?Fortunately?no--‐one?was?hurt,?but?these?buildings?became?a?huge?challenge?to?architects?who?finally?came?up?with?a?remarkable?solution?--‐?the?buildings?are?placed?on?platforms?which?can?be?raised?above?the?changing?snow?level?on?legs??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?which?are?extendable.?Food?is?one?of?the?most?important?aspects?of?survival?in?a?polar?climate.?People?living?there?need?to?obtain?a?lot?more?energy?from?their?food,?both?to?keep?warm?and?to?undertake?heavy?physical?work.?Maybe?you?know?that?an?adult?in?the?UK?will?probably?need?about?1,700?kilocalories?a?day?on?average;?someone?in?Antarctica?will?need?about?3,500?--‐?just?over?double!?This?energy?is?provided?by?foods?which?are?high?in?carbohydrate?and?fat.?Rations?for?fieldwork?present?an?additional?problem.?They?need?to?provide?maximum?energy,?but?they?must?also?be?compact?and?light?for?easy?transport.?Special?boxes?are?prepared,?each?containing?enough?food?for?one?person?for?twenty?days.?You?may?be?familiar?with?coffee?processed?by?freeze--‐drying,?which?preserves?the?quality?of?the?food?product?while?making?a?large?saving?in?weight?--‐?well,?this?type?of?presentation?is?ideal?in?our?situation.?It?wasn"t?available?to?earlier?polar?explorers,?whose?diet?was?commonly?insufficient?for?their?health.?I?think?that?being?at?the?cutting?edge?of?science?has?a?special?appeal?for?everyone?working?in?Antarctica,?in?whatever?capacity.?As?a?marine?biologist,?my?own?research?was?fascinating;?but?it"s?perhaps?climate?change?research?that?is?the?most?crucial?field?of?study.?Within?this?general?field,?surveying?changes?in?the?volume?and?stability?of?the?ice--‐cap?is?vital,?since?these?may?have?profound?effects?on?world?sea?levels?and?on?ocean?currents.?A?second?important?area?is?monitoring?the?size?of?the?hole?in?the?ozone?layer?above?Antarctica,?since?this?is?an?indicator?of?global?ultra--‐violet?radiation?levels.?Thirdly,?bubbles?in?the?ice--‐sheet?itself?provide?an?index?of?pollution?because?frozen?inside?them?are?samples?of?previous?atmospheres?over?the?past?500,000?years,?and?these?provide?us?with?evidence?for?the?effects?of?such?human?activities?as?agriculture?and?industry.?There?are?an?increasing?number?of?opportunities?for?young?people?to?work?for?a?period?in?Antarctica?--‐?not?only?as?research?assistants?in?projects?like?mine,?but?also?in?a?wide?range?of?junior?administrative?and?technical?positions?including?vacancies?for?map--‐makers.?I?hope?that?the?insights?I"ve?provided?will?encourage?you?to?take?up?these?opportunities?in?this?fascinating?continent.??????
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?今晚,我将向你介绍非凡的南极洲,一个遥远、环境恶略、目前没有常住居民的地方。?对于早期的探险家来说,这是一场终极的生存竞赛;对于像我这样的研究者,这是一片充满智力挑战的地方;然而对于现代旅行者来说,这仅是一片极美的荒芜之地。?首先来看看一些准确的资料。南极洲有几个极值。它是最高、最冷和风最大的洲,它是英国面积的58倍多。?冰盖富含世界上几乎70%的淡水资源和90%的冰雪,但是降雪量非常低。难以置信的是,大洲的多数地区是沙漠地貌!?巨大的冰山每年从大洲脱离,冬天的时候,周围一半的大洋被冻住,这使它的面积几乎增加了双倍。?许多国家的科学家们共同在研究站对南极洲进行了200多年的研究和勘察。?在这里有非常划算的科学技术的支持。我们的南极洲调查项目有几个夏季工作站和两个全年工作站。我工作于其中一个全年工作站里。?研究站是包含大约20个人,非常独立的团体。?这里是生活和工作的地方,有一个食物充足的厨房,一个小型医院和一个设备齐全的健身馆,使每个人在空闲时间可以锻炼身体。?工作站能自己供电并通过卫星连接与外界联系。?我们的工作站,零一号有一些特殊的特点。?它不建在陆地上而是建在几百米厚的冰架上。?供应品从冰缘线15公里外的一艘船卸下,通过大雪橇送到我们这里。?在南极洲居住并不总是很舒适。?积雪对于我们在这里之前的4个工作站造成了巨大的问题。它们被掩埋,最终因不堪重负而坍塌。?幸运的是没有人受伤,但是这些建筑对建筑师来说是一个巨大的挑战,最终他们想到了一个很棒的解决方案。建筑可以支起来放在一个平台上而不受雪位的影响。?要在极地气候中生存,食物是其中一个最重要的方面。?住在这里的人们需要从食物中补充大量的能量,从而保暖并从事重体力工作。?也许你知道在英国一个成年人一天可能需要平均1,700千卡的热量,而在南极洲的人们则需要大约3,500千卡,翻了双倍多!?这些能量来自高碳水化合物和脂肪的食物。?实地考察的配给量引发了另一个问题。?它们需要最大限度的提供能量,但是又得轻巧、便于运输。?我们准备了特殊的箱子,每个都放满了一个人在20天里所需的足够的食物。?你也许对冷冻干燥法的咖啡加工很熟悉,它保存了食物的质量,又减轻了重量。这种方式很适合我们的情况。?早期的极地探索者无法使用这种方式,他们的饮食普遍对身体不好。?我认为能处在科学的前沿对在南极工作的任何人,不论其能力大小,都具有特殊的吸引力。?作为一名海洋生物学家,我的研究很吸引人,但是也许气候变化的研究才是研究中最重要的领域。??
朗易思听App原创课程,更多精准双语听力课程访问langeasy.com.cn?在这项领域里,调查冰盖的体积和稳定性是至关重要的,因为它们可能对世界范围内的海平面和洋流产生深远影响。?第二个重要的地方是检查南极洲上空臭氧层空洞的大小,因为它标志着全球紫外线的辐射水平。?第三,冰架内的气泡可以提供污染指数,因为它们是50万年前冻在里面的空气样本,并且为农业、工业这样的人类活动所带来的影响提供证据。?南极洲有越来越多为年轻人提供阶段性工作的机会,不仅是做像我的项目这样的助理研究员,还有各种初级行政岗位和技术岗位,包括绘制地图的工作。?我希望我提供给你们的信息可以鼓励你们抓住机会到这片迷人的大洲来。??????????原文或翻译如若发现错误,欢迎邮件联系我们:langeasy@163.com??
篇三:(a-)
a和an的使用方法
在英语中,冠词是一种非常重要的语法元素,用于限定名词的范围和特性。其中,不定冠词a和an是最常见的两种冠词。它们在使用时有一些规则和注意事项,本文将详细介绍a和an的使用方法。
一、a和an的基本用法
1.a用于辅音音素开头的词,an用于元音音素开头的词。辅音音素包括除了a、e、i、o、u以外的所有字母,元音音素即a、e、i、o、u这五个字母。
例如:
-abook(一个书)
-anapple(一个苹果)
2.a和an只能用于单数可数名词前,不可用于复数名词或不可数名词前。
例如:
-acar(一辆车)
-anorange(一个橙子)
-atable(一张桌子)
-anumbrella(一把雨伞)
3.a和an都表示不确定的数量或身份,相当于汉语中的“一个”或“一种”。
例如:
-astudent(一个学生)
-ananimal(一种动物)
4.当名词的第一个字母是大写的时候,a和an的使用仍然与音素有关,而不是与字母的大小写有关。
例如:
-aEuropean(一个欧洲人)
-anAmerican(一个美国人)
二、特殊情况下的使用
1.在表示职业、宗教、国籍等词前,a和an的使用不仅取决于音素,还取决于发音。
例如:
-auniversity(一所大学)
-anhour(一个小时)
-aone-waystreet(一条单行道)
-anhonestperson(一个诚实的人)
2.在表示某个特定事物的时候,a和an不能互换使用。如果一个特定的事物前已经有了冠词a,那么后面的描述词仍然要使用a。
例如:
-abigredcar(一辆大红色的车)
-abeautifuloldhouse(一座漂亮的老房子)
三、其他用法
1.a和an在口语中常常用来代表“一个人”或“一个人的事物”,表示泛指。
例如:
-Let"shaveadrink.(我们来喝一杯。)
-Imetanoldfriendyesterday.(昨天我遇到一个老朋友。)
2.a和an还可以用在数字或数量词前,表示“每一”。
例如:
-twiceaday(每天两次)
-threetimesanhour(每小时三次)
总结:
a和an是英语中最基本的冠词,用于限定名词的范围和特性。它们的使用取决于名词的音素,a用于辅音音素开头的词,an用于元音音素开头的词。此外,在表示职业、宗教、国籍等词前,a和an的使用还与发音有关。同时,a和an在口语中也常常用来表示泛指或“每一”的意思。正确使用a和an,能够使英语表达更加准确、自然。
篇四:(a-)
a和an使用的特殊情况
一、a用在“以第一个音为辅音的元音字母开头”或的单词前面:
例如:
1.a+名词
auniversity一所大学
aEuropean一个欧洲人
auniform一件制服
aunit一个单元
2.a+形容词+名词
aone-waystreet一条单行的马路
aone-eyeddinosaur一只眼睛的恐龙
ausefulbook一本有用的书
auselessbook一本毫无用处的书
aunitedcountry一个统一的国家
ausualday寻常的一天
二、an用在“以第一个音为元音的辅音字母开头”的单词前面:
例如:
1.an+名词
anhour一小时
anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的事
2.an+形容词+名词
anhonoredname一个光荣的名字
anhonorarydegree荣誉学位
anhoneststudent一个诚实的学生
三、an还用在“发音以元音开头”的单个字母前面:
1.[ei]:AH
2个
2.[i:]:E
1个
3.[e]:FLMNSX
6个
4.[ai]:I
1个
5.[??]:O
1个
6.[a]:R
1个
En,MrLihasafox.例如:
anL-plate一块“实习驾驶”车牌
anMP一个国会议员
anSOS一个呼救信号
anX-rayX光片或X光的
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